
Child & Language Development

This Child & Language Development webpage demonstrates my knowledge of various aspects of how children develop, including cognitive, linguistic, and psychosocial growth (C2). While I touched on some tools and information relating to this competency in my Resource Library, I will provide specific information here, as well as reflecting on how this knowledge impact the work I do as a school interpreter.
This page includes a demonstration of Child & Language Development for:
This page also includes an overarching reflection and references.
This webpage includes a demonstration of my competence in Child and Language Development through the analysis of two sample lessons included in the curriculum of INTR 430. Additionally, in INTR 431, I had the opportunity to create a Learning Graphic that visually represents all of the aspects that impact a student's learning and development. In INTR 433, I had the opportunity to learn more about the stages of cognitive, linguistic, and physical development children move through and demonstrate my learning by laying out these stages in a chart. These activities allowed me the opportunity to not only learn about child development but also practice applying specific milestones as objectives in lessons and model my understanding of learning visually.
School Interpreting Series (SIS) Standards
SIS Competency 2
Integrate child and language development knowledge into the educational experiences and interactions of a diverse body of deaf and hard of hearing students across their academic years. (Knowledge, Skill, & Attitude)
Developmental Overview
Created in the fall of 2025 for INTR 433, this chart breaks down milestone developments by age and type. Selected age groups range from the earliest months of life, where development milestones come so quickly that new skills seem to be acquired almost daily, to the age of 18, when students will be readying to leave high school, and development will be much more internalized and cognitive. Specific areas of development explored include ASL and Speech, Theory of Mind, Play, Psychosocial, and Identity. For a larger view of the chart and its reference page directly on Canva, please click here.
A school interpreter needs to have an understanding of the different milestones of language and cognitive development so that they can best tailor their approach for the student they are working with. Of course, these developmental milestones have been researched over many years, and note the average child's development. Many deaf and hard of hearing children experience language delays and/or language deprivation due to the lack of visual language input from birth. This means that they might not follow the expected milestones.
By understanding the developmental stage of students, interpreters can collaborate with the education team to create a plan to enhance the students' skills. Interpreters who understand the milestones can adjust their language use to meet students where they are, while simultaneously collaborating to support the student in their overall education and development.
Development of a Preschooler
The following video shows many examples of 3-year-old Jo demonstrating developmental milestones through natural conversations with her Deaf mother and their play together. Their communication is through ASL, and specific examples of preschool-age milestones in Jo's language use and behavior will be outlined below.

Below are cognitive, language, and psychosocial milestones that are appropriate for children in preschool or who are 3 or 4 years old.

Cognitive Milestones
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Theory of Mind Development
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Imitates those around them (Ruhl, 2023).
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(Timestamp 10:23-10:59)
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Jo imitates her mother as she signs numbers. Seen a few times throughout the video, this is just one example of a time when Jo imitates her mother. In the instances in this video, the imitation is usually done to correct the production of a sign.
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Can identify themselves through physical characteristics (Bright Horizons, 2019).
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(Timestamp 3:07)
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Jo describes herself as "BIG", identifying herself through a physical characteristic.
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Language Milestones
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More complex handshapes are used (California School for the Deaf, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 0:18)
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Jo identifies a helicopter and produces the HELICOPTER, which uses two handshapes together for one sign. This shows emerging skills in being able to produce more complex handshapes with better coordination.
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Negation is used (California School for the Deaf, n.d).
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(Timestamp 5:55)
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Jo uses NOT-KNOW, and while the head shaking isn't the most prominent, the sign KNOW is negated in the way that Jo moves it away from her body.
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Possessives are used (California School for the Deaf, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 9:36)
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Jo can accurately use possessives and articulate when things belong to other people versus when they are hers.
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Psychosocial Milestones
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Children learn to negotiate and problem-solve through play (Bright Horizons, 2019).
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(Timestamp 14:57 to 15:49)
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Jo and her mom are in a parked car pretending to drive. Jo tells her mom that she wants to pick her up in the house. Together, they negotiate the time she will pick her mom up.
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Play is dramatic and make-believe in nature (Bright Horizons, 2019).
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(Timestamp 16:24)
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When playing with her mother, Jo begins to create a world for them to play in that is make-believe. It has princesses, and Jo is casting spells. This is demonstrative of this important play milestone that shows she is on par with social milestones.
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Jo's Milestones in Relation to School Interpreting
Jo's development is on par with what is to be expected from a 3 or 4-year-old preschooler. Her first language is ASL, and she is demonstrating continued skill acquisition, such as accurately using negation and possessives and integrating more complex handshapes. Her sentences are overall becoming more complex in nature. She shows positive Theory of Mind development through instances of imitating her mother in the video, as well as other cognitive milestones like being able to identify herself through physical characteristics. Finally, her psychosocial development was shown positively through play. The nature of her play was dramatic and rooted in make-believe. Additionally, Jo can be seen in the video negotiating with her mother when it comes to the terms of play. All of these factors show that Jo has had positive milestone development to this point in her life. The video shows that she has strong foundations in Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS). However, because she hasn't spent time in an academic setting, she still needs to build skills in English, especially in relation to Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP).
If Jo were to be placed in a kindergarten classroom with hearing teachers, peers, and support staff who were all English-speaking and non-signers, she would need accommodations to make the classroom accessible. This would primarily be through the use of an ASL-English Interpreter. As with any DHH student, it would be important for Jo to be placed with a qualified and certified ASL-English interpreter to ensure that her development stays on track.
The educational team should also consider:
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Jo's English development and the best ways to support bilingual education.
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How to make sure that Jo is continuing to reach social milestones with peers who don't sign.
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Continuing to encourage play and identity development for Jo in a setting where her language and communication modality differ from those of other students.
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How her IEP goals are being met, and whether or not the provided accommodations are effective for Jo.
Development of an Elementary-Aged Student
In the following lesson, Mr. Bowen leads the class in calendar time. First, the Kindergarten and 1st Grade students are updated on their new classroom jobs for the week. These jobs include calendar person, line leader, paper handlers, and board cleaners. Once the jobs are revealed, Mr. Bowen uses confirmation inquiry to review the days of the week and the concepts of today, yesterday, and tomorrow. In this lesson, students will understand turn-taking and the call-and-response approach. They will also understand the calendar and its vocabulary. Students will know that each weekly job has its own set of responsibilities and how to fulfill them. Students will also know to follow the classroom norms and the consequences of not following those rules. Students will also be able to identify the days of the week and follow the rules and responsibilities for their weekly assigned job (Bowen, 2012). One Common Core Standard that is highlighted in this lesson is CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.1.1.a- Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others with care, speaking one at a time about the topics and texts under discussion) (Common Core, 2010).
Below are cognitive, language, and psychosocial milestones that are appropriate for children in Kindergarten and 1st Grade.

Cognitive Milestones
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1st Grade- Learn from what they hear and read- not just from what they see and do (Morin, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 3:01 to 3:06)
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The teacher repeated the word Monday, spelled it out loud, and wrote it on the board.
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1st Grade- Begins to have a better sense of time, understanding of increments of time, weeks, months, and seasons & predict what comes next in a pattern (Morin, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 3:20, 4:18 to 4:38, 5:00 to 5:29)
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The teacher asks the students to identify today, tomorrow, and yesterday in these sections. The students responded by showing that they have a concept of time at the days of the week level and that they can complete the pattern of the days of the week.
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Language Milestones
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Kindergarten-Recognize some words by sight (ASHA, 2024b).
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(Timestamp 2:37 to 2:48)
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The teacher asks Naomi (this week’s calendar person) to identify the card that says Monday and then show it to the class. He asks the class to verify that the information is correct (even singling out a couple of students) and they all agree. They demonstrate the ability to recognize the word Monday by sight.
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1st Grade- Follow 2-3 step directions (ASHA, 2024a).
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(Timestamp 2:13)
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The teacher asks the students to:
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1. Close their mouths.
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2. Raise their hands.
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Psychosocial Milestones
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Kindergarten & 1st Grade- Finishes what Starts, Expressions of Industry (Eric Erickson’s, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 0:58 to 1:40)
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In this section, the teacher reveals the week's classroom jobs. He utilizes a call-and-response-like approach where he points to the board and prompts by saying, “Our line leader is,” then, he pauses and the students, by reading the board, finish the phrase that he started with the student’s name. In this case, Marcus. This same call-and-response style continues as they go through all the classroom jobs (calendar person, board cleaners, paper handlers, and office assistants) demonstrating their ability to finish what has been started.
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1st Grade- Are eager to please and want to “be first” and win (Morin, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 0:00 to 0:18, 1:04 to 1:08, 3:20 to 3:30, 6:02 to 6:10)
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In the first few seconds of the video, the teacher instructs the kids to hold up the pieces of paper, they all follow instructions and hold the papers high up in the air. Then, around a minute into the video, the teacher mentions that Marcus (the designated line leader) isn’t there, so in the meantime, he will pick the best listener. A couple of kids’ hands immediately go up into the air, offering to fill the teacher’s need as well as being the chosen “winner” of the spot of line leader. At the 3:20 mark and 6:02 mark, the teacher asks all of the students to close their mouths and raise their hands, and they all do. This indicates age-appropriate psychosocial development milestones of wanting to please the teacher by fulfilling his requests and wanting to be first/win by participating eagerly in the lesson.
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Development of an Elementary-Aged Student
In the following lesson, Mr. Bowen leads the class in calendar time. First, the Kindergarten and 1st Grade students are updated on their new classroom jobs for the week. These jobs include calendar person, line leader, paper handlers, and board cleaners. Once the jobs are revealed, Mr. Bowen uses confirmation inquiry to review the days of the week and the concepts of today, yesterday, and tomorrow. In this lesson, students will understand turn-taking and the call-and-response approach. They will also understand the calendar and its vocabulary. Students will know that each weekly job has its own set of responsibilities and how to fulfill them. Students will also know to follow the classroom norms and the consequences of not following those rules. Students will also be able to identify the days of the week and follow the rules and responsibilities for their weekly assigned job (Bowen, 2012). One Common Core Standard that is highlighted in this lesson is CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.1.1.a- Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others with care, speaking one at a time about the topics and texts under discussion) (Common Core, 2010).
Below are cognitive, language, and psychosocial milestones that are appropriate for children in Kindergarten and 1st Grade.

Cognitive Milestones
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1st Grade- Learn from what they hear and read- not just from what they see and do (Morin, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 3:01 to 3:06)
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The teacher repeated the word Monday, spelled it out loud, and wrote it on the board.
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1st Grade- Begins to have a better sense of time, understanding of increments of time, weeks, months, and seasons & predict what comes next in a pattern (Morin, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 3:20, 4:18 to 4:38, 5:00 to 5:29)
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The teacher asks the students to identify today, tomorrow, and yesterday in these sections. The students responded by showing that they have a concept of time at the days of the week level and that they can complete the pattern of the days of the week.
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Language Milestones
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Kindergarten-Recognize some words by sight (ASHA, 2024b).
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(Timestamp 2:37 to 2:48)
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The teacher asks Naomi (this week’s calendar person) to identify the card that says Monday and then show it to the class. He asks the class to verify that the information is correct (even singling out a couple of students) and they all agree. They demonstrate the ability to recognize the word Monday by sight.
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1st Grade- Follow 2-3 step directions (ASHA, 2024a).
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(Timestamp 2:13)
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The teacher asks the students to:
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1. Close their mouths.
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2. Raise their hands.
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Psychosocial Milestones
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Kindergarten & 1st Grade- Finishes what Starts, Expressions of Industry (Eric Erickson’s, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 0:58 to 1:40)
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In this section, the teacher reveals the week's classroom jobs. He utilizes a call-and-response-like approach where he points to the board and prompts by saying, “Our line leader is,” then, he pauses and the students, by reading the board, finish the phrase that he started with the student’s name. In this case, Marcus. This same call-and-response style continues as they go through all the classroom jobs (calendar person, board cleaners, paper handlers, and office assistants) demonstrating their ability to finish what has been started.
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1st Grade- Are eager to please and want to “be first” and win (Morin, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 0:00 to 0:18, 1:04 to 1:08, 3:20 to 3:30, 6:02 to 6:10)
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In the first few seconds of the video, the teacher instructs the kids to hold up the pieces of paper, they all follow instructions and hold the papers high up in the air. Then, around a minute into the video, the teacher mentions that Marcus (the designated line leader) isn’t there, so in the meantime, he will pick the best listener. A couple of kids’ hands immediately go up into the air, offering to fill the teacher’s need as well as being the chosen “winner” of the spot of line leader. At the 3:20 mark and 6:02 mark, the teacher asks all of the students to close their mouths and raise their hands, and they all do. This indicates age-appropriate psychosocial development milestones of wanting to please the teacher by fulfilling his requests and wanting to be first/win by participating eagerly in the lesson.
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Development of an Elementary-Aged Student
In the following lesson, Mr. Bowen leads the class in calendar time. First, the Kindergarten and 1st Grade students are updated on their new classroom jobs for the week. These jobs include calendar person, line leader, paper handlers, and board cleaners. Once the jobs are revealed, Mr. Bowen uses confirmation inquiry to review the days of the week and the concepts of today, yesterday, and tomorrow. In this lesson, students will understand turn-taking and the call-and-response approach. They will also understand the calendar and its vocabulary. Students will know that each weekly job has its own set of responsibilities and how to fulfill them. Students will also know to follow the classroom norms and the consequences of not following those rules. Students will also be able to identify the days of the week and follow the rules and responsibilities for their weekly assigned job (Bowen, 2012). One Common Core Standard that is highlighted in this lesson is CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.1.1.a- Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others with care, speaking one at a time about the topics and texts under discussion) (Common Core, 2010).
Below are cognitive, language, and psychosocial milestones that are appropriate for children in Kindergarten and 1st Grade.

Cognitive Milestones
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1st Grade- Learn from what they hear and read- not just from what they see and do (Morin, n.d.).
-
(Timestamp 3:01 to 3:06)
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The teacher repeated the word Monday, spelled it out loud, and wrote it on the board.
-
-
-
1st Grade- Begins to have a better sense of time, understanding of increments of time, weeks, months, and seasons & predict what comes next in a pattern (Morin, n.d.).
-
(Timestamp 3:20, 4:18 to 4:38, 5:00 to 5:29)
-
The teacher asks the students to identify today, tomorrow, and yesterday in these sections. The students responded by showing that they have a concept of time at the days of the week level and that they can complete the pattern of the days of the week.
-
-
Language Milestones
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Kindergarten-Recognize some words by sight (ASHA, 2024b).
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(Timestamp 2:37 to 2:48)
-
The teacher asks Naomi (this week’s calendar person) to identify the card that says Monday and then show it to the class. He asks the class to verify that the information is correct (even singling out a couple of students) and they all agree. They demonstrate the ability to recognize the word Monday by sight.
-
-
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1st Grade- Follow 2-3 step directions (ASHA, 2024a).
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(Timestamp 2:13)
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The teacher asks the students to:
-
1. Close their mouths.
-
2. Raise their hands.
-
-
-
Psychosocial Milestones
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Kindergarten & 1st Grade- Finishes what Starts, Expressions of Industry (Eric Erickson’s, n.d.).
-
(Timestamp 0:58 to 1:40)
-
In this section, the teacher reveals the week's classroom jobs. He utilizes a call-and-response-like approach where he points to the board and prompts by saying, “Our line leader is,” then, he pauses and the students, by reading the board, finish the phrase that he started with the student’s name. In this case, Marcus. This same call-and-response style continues as they go through all the classroom jobs (calendar person, board cleaners, paper handlers, and office assistants) demonstrating their ability to finish what has been started.
-
-
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1st Grade- Are eager to please and want to “be first” and win (Morin, n.d.).
-
(Timestamp 0:00 to 0:18, 1:04 to 1:08, 3:20 to 3:30, 6:02 to 6:10)
-
In the first few seconds of the video, the teacher instructs the kids to hold up the pieces of paper, they all follow instructions and hold the papers high up in the air. Then, around a minute into the video, the teacher mentions that Marcus (the designated line leader) isn’t there, so in the meantime, he will pick the best listener. A couple of kids’ hands immediately go up into the air, offering to fill the teacher’s need as well as being the chosen “winner” of the spot of line leader. At the 3:20 mark and 6:02 mark, the teacher asks all of the students to close their mouths and raise their hands, and they all do. This indicates age-appropriate psychosocial development milestones of wanting to please the teacher by fulfilling his requests and wanting to be first/win by participating eagerly in the lesson.
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Development of a High School-Aged Student
The lesson below showcases a 9th Grade Biology class. The topic for the lesson is a continuation of their exploration into taxonomy and the different classes of organisms. They briefly review previously learned topics such as sponges and cnidarians before moving on to working with planarians or flatworms. The lesson begins with a student group presenting a previously made poster about what they found about flatworms in their research. Then, the class reviews triploblastic organisms and makes a clay model of the flatworm to solidify that concept. Students will understand that living things are complex structures (polyps, cnidarians, and worms) that are different groups (phyla) into which they are classified. These different groups have differing characteristics. Students will know that sponges eat by soaking water in through their pores and pushing it out through the Osculum. The polyps are Cnidarians that have tentacles at the top, and a mouth in the middle of the tentacles.

Planarians are a type of flatworms that are more complex than sponges. Ranging in size, they are placed in the Platyhelminthes phylum and are triploblastic with the three cell layers being the endoderm (inside layer), mesoderm (middle layer), and ectoderm (outer layer). The digestive tract of flatworms runs through the middle of the worm. Students will be able to identify and describe the placement of the three cell layers found in flatworms as triploblastic beings as well as explain and show how polyps and sponges feed (Massachusetts DESE, 2015). A Common Core Standard that is highlighted in this lesson is HS- LS2-5: Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or components of a system (Next Generation, n.d.).
Below are cognitive, language, and psychosocial milestones that are appropriate for children in 9th Grade.
Cognitive Milestones
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Exhibits more defined work habits (Guht, n.d.).
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(Timestamp: 2:06)
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The teacher asks for the next group to present out their poster project. The project is complete highlighting the students' work habits positively.
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Can explain the reasoning behind their choices (Guht, n.d.).
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(Timestamp: 2:23)
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During the presentation, the students are able to respond to the teacher's questions and clarifications. As the teacher probes the students further, they demonstrate a deeper understanding of their topic.
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Language Milestones
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Can hold appropriate conversations (Ghut, n.d.).
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(Timestamp: 2:21)
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During the presentation by the two students on worms, the students are able to maintain a conversation as the teacher asks them questions, comments on their presentation, and encourages them. Students are able to keep on topic and have an appropriate conversation with her.
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Begins paying more attention to body language, tone of voice, and other nonverbal cues (Ghut, n.d.).
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(Timestamp: 5:12 to 5:19)
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There is one student seated at the front of the classroom who is not participating and on the teacher’s third attempt to get him to say it and do the action that she wanted the class to use to participate. Each time she prompted it, her tone changed and he was able to pick up on the fact that she was actually serious about her request.
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Psychosocial Milestones
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Challenges Adult Authority (Erik Erickson’s, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 0:18 to 0:27)
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This is not an intense example of challenging authority, but I think it shows a hint of this.
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The teacher makes an attempt to engage students in the lesson by having them state one of the concepts and do some hand motions to go with it. The first time she tried to start it, very few students participated. Then, the teacher asks them to do it again and more students participate. Not participating the first time could be seen as a slight challenge to adult authority.
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Wants to be Liked (Ghut, n.d.).
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(Timestamp 1:53 to 2:04)
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When the teacher asks a series of questions about their previous experiences with worms, she jokingly asks if anyone has eaten a worm. There is one student who keeps her hand raised and responds that she has eaten one when she was younger. It seems that the student mentioned this to try and get a rise out of people in the class. This could be seen as the desire to be liked coming out.
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Learning Graphic
Created in INTR 431, this Learning Graphic shows the synthesis of my learning and understanding of the classroom and school system. The graphic identifies the goal of the classroom, the definition of learning and its critical components, factors that might impact a student's learning, and special considerations for DHH students that are important for the work of a school interpreter. To get a closer look, please click the plus sign below the graphic.
As I was making the graphic, I kept thinking about how all of the required pieces come together to support the success of the student. If one factor is missing, the structure of support around the student isn't as strong. If any of the bricks that are designated as barriers are added to the structure, it becomes uneven and less effective. If one of the factors that impact learning (the 2 columns leading up to the Theory of Mind piece) is taken away, the structure becomes unstable and the student isn't as supported as possible. For example, if a DHH student is not provided visual access to lesson materials and supportive nutrition, two pieces would be gone, making the structure incomplete.
Overarching Reflection
Fall 2024: The completion of this page and the analysis of the lessons greatly improved my awareness of all of the different aspects that go into lesson planning. This was achieved through the study of Common Core and state standards in the areas of literacy and science. I had never looked at those documents before and it was eye-opening to see the depth that they go to and how they are interconnected. There were potential literacy standards that could be achieved through the biology lesson even though the focus of the class was not building reading and writing skills. Having only been on the student side of the educational system, I didn't know the depth of the standards that I was required to learn throughout my time in public education. My previous understanding was a bit misguided, thinking that lessons were constructed based on topics. I now know that lessons are based on skills that students should obtain prior to graduation and entering the collegiate or professional world. This knowledge supports my work as an interpreter because it allows me to understand the deeper "why" behind the lessons in the classroom and the goals created by the teacher. I can utilize this information and awareness to create a more informed and supportive interpreted product.
The work of looking into the different childhood milestones was also incredibly beneficial. I've stated before that my experience with children is more limited because I am the youngest child in my family. Thinking about the way that humans develop isn't something I've really experienced prior to the decision to pursue school interpreting and watching my new niece grow up. Having the opportunity to learn more about child development and apply the knowledge I was gaining to lessons for students of different ages was beneficial. The work on this page helps support the demonstration of my skill and awareness of the second SIS competency. The information I gained through the exploration of the different milestones helped me to think about appropriate approaches for my interpretation. It influenced my language use, representation of register, and the way I presented the material in the way that I approached each of these lessons in my interpretations which can be found on my Interpreting Skills page.
I am grateful for the opportunity to practice these skills and I look forward to continuing to solidify this information and how my interpretations can best support the students I am working with depending on their current developmental stages.
Spring 2025: The addition of the Learning Graphic helps represent the accumulation of the factors that will either support or be a detriment to a student's learning. It was difficult for me to make the graphic because there was so much information that I wanted to include, but the graphic itself was getting to be very busy and difficult to follow. I decided to go with the LEGO theme because, to me, all of these factors were like pieces fitting together. The smaller surface area of the 2-D bricks also challenged me to be concise with the information and support my ideas with images.
As a future school interpreter, being able to understand how all of these pieces fit together is imperative to supporting the students as a whole people. If a student isn't receiving the proper nutrition or adequate sleep, biologically they will be at a disadvantage. Their bodies won't have the energy needed to fully engage in the classroom. If a student is having a difficult time in class, it could be because of all of these other factors. If I suspect there are challenges because of food insecurity, I could work with the education team to get the student more support in that area. If I didn't have an awareness of all of the factors that could be barriers to learning, it doesn't really matter how effective the access is, the other factors will still be a detriment to their learning. Understanding that there are so many different things at play for a student is imperative to providing full support.
Fall 2025: This fall, I added the Developmental Milestones chart and the section outlining the development of a preschooler. I really enjoyed the process of putting the chart together because it was an opportunity for me to finally solidify my understanding of the bigger picture. One of the things that I have never been most comfortable with when approaching our interpreting homework in previous courses was adjusting my language to match what is appropriate for a child based on how old they are. Of course, my approach is based on any information about the student provided in the assignment notes, but generally, I didn't really have an understanding of the difference between a 1st grader and a 3rd grader developmentally. Seeing all of the different categories of development and how a child progresses through each phase is really helpful to me as I begin to implement this knowledge more effectively into my work. This is something I am going to have to practice, but now that I have a foundational understanding, I have more confidence in being able to adjust my language use and interpreting choices to be able to match the needs of my student consumers when it comes to age-based things.
Additionally, it was an interesting assignment to walk through from a personal lens as well. My sister's first child is in a very exciting stage of development right now, where everything seems to be growing and changing so quickly. Now that she's 16 months, we're getting ready for some big milestones as her language use gets stronger and stronger every day. Having the opportunity to do this assignment at the same time my family is so invested in my niece's development was a really special experience.
References
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2024a). Your child’s communication: First grade.
https://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/firstgrade/
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2024b). Your child’s communication: Kindergarten.
https://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/kindergarten/
Common Core State Standards. (2010). English Language Arts standards- Reading: Foundational skills- Kindergarten- 1a
https://www.thecorestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RF/K/1/a/
Dan Bowen. (2012, February 22). Kindergarten / 1st grade calendar time part #1 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwXyopaMmtw
Erik Erickson’s psycho-social stages of development [Class PDF]. (n.d.). University of Northern Colorado. https://www.unco.edu/canvas/
Guht, J. (n.d.). Developmental milestones for teens (13–18 years): Coral care developmental guides. Coral Care.
https://www.joincoralcare.com/developmental-guides/milestones-teens-13-18-years
Handspeak. (2014, September 14). Preschooler signing ASL: months 6 and 7 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZgiERquuSk&t=1s
Hardiman, M. (2012). The brain-targeted teaching model for 21st century schools. Corwin.
K.R. Mangalam World School. (n.d.). 8 essential factors affecting learning process. https://www.krmangalamgurgaon.com/blogs/8-essential-factors-
Leigh, I. W., Andrews, J. F., Miller, C. A., Wolsey, J. A. (2023). Deaf people and society: Psychological, sociological, and educational perspectives.
Routledge.
Marschark, M., Spencer, P.E., Adams, J., Sapere, P. (2011). Evidence‐based practice in educating Deaf and hard‐of‐hearing children: Teaching to their
cognitive strengths and needs. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 26(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2011.543540
Massachusetts DESE. (2015, October 27). 9th grade biology [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9kyl_WPFhU
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This is a SOLID page demonstrating competencies as required :)